JAWAHARLAL NEHRU (1951 -1964)
Challenges before Nehru- to achieve massive reconstruction of polity and economy, advancement towards basic objectives of democracy, civil liberties, secularism, a scientific and international outlook, planning with socialism, to alleviate poverty and unemployment, land reforms, consolidation of the nation, solutions of language and tribal problem, form a new electoral policy and independent foreign policy
NOTE-(I
am not giving consolidation history as I think it is already sent in previous
competition.)
How
he proceeded?
Ø 1951-1952
first general election held on basis of universal adult franchise(21 or + age)
Ø Some
critics said a backward country like India can only suited to benevolent
dictatorship.
Ø Election
held according to directive principles and independent election commission as
also made.
Ø Sukumar
Sen was appointed as first chief election commissioner.
Ø People’s
response to new political order was tremendous.
Ø Establishment
of democratic institution
Ø Press
having free play even when it criticized government severely.
Ø Even
court was independent when it turned down legislation of agrarian reform.
Ø Both
ruling and opposition parties played its role well in parliament.
Ø Nehru
put states and centre at cordial terms hence he did not force states to effect
land reform just to keep federalism strong.(only president rule in Kerala in
1959 was exception)
Ø But this tendency somehow harmed to the
subjects of health, education, agricultural in states.
Ø Although
Nehru at the same time made centre strong and even it was easy to do this as ruling
part was same in both centre and states.
Ø Nehru
kept state’s supremacy over military as he was worried with its coup in Pakistan
France and Germany.(hence low expenditure on it)
Ø Nehru was critic of bureaucracy and ics but
gradually he understood the Patel and accepted the administration system.
Ø This
was also a time when evil of corruption started in India.
Ø His
major achievement in field of science. First national science laboratory and
national physical laboratory was laid on in 1947.
Ø In
1952 first of five institute of technology was set up on patterned of
Massachusetts IT
Ø India
was country of the world to recognize importance of nuclear energy in
constructing measures hence set up a ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION in 1948with HOMI
J. BHABHA. Latter on separate deptt. Was laid on.
Ø Asia’s
first nuclear reactor was set up in trombay (Bombay)
Ø In
1962 space research started by setting up IDIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR SPACE
RESEARCH AND ROCKET LAUNCHING FACILITY AT THUMBA.
Ø Krishna
menon as defence min. initiated defence research.
Ø Under the article 36 of DPSP welfare policy is
promoted on socialistic pattern of society.
Ø This
phrase was officially accepted by congress session at avadi and latter on adopted
in the objective of third five year plan.
Ø Land
reforms, planned economy development, rapid expansion of public sector, labor
legislation, right to form trade union , go on strike, security of employment,
provision of health insurance, distribution of wealth through progressive
taxes, expansion of education etc.
Ø Anti
untouchability law in 1955, reservation in education and employment for
sc/st’s.
Ø 1951
Hindu code bill in favor of women demands for right. However due to protest
from jansangh and Hindu communal sectors bill was passed in four separate parts
in the second term of Nehru.
Ø Bill
introduced monogamy, right of divorce to both men and women, raised the age of
consent and marriage and gave right to maintenance and to inherit family
property.
Ø But
a uniform civil code could not be enacted (shahbano case)
Ø In
1951 literacy was only 16.6%(6% in rural)
Ø Vast
efforts were done b government that increased enrollment in primary secondary
education in both girls and boys.
Ø By 1964 total no of universities were
increased from 18 to 54.
Ø But
behind the success story major weakness was decline in educational standards
Ø Target
of free and compulsory education was shifted from 1961 to 1966 and then to
distant future.
Ø For
rural uplift community development and panchayati raj institution program was
started in 1952 and 1959.(much cooperated by U.S. during cold war)
Ø Despite
of good results it was suffered with bureaucracy.(hence balwant rai committee
in 1957)
Ø On
the recommendation from 1959 panchayati raj was adopted as self governance in
all over country trough three level system
Ø But
cooperative movement and these programs could not succeed according to
expectation as it ignored the class division of Indian society so major
benefits were reached to only upper
class.
class.
FOREIGN POLICY OF NEHRU
Nehru realized that India should speak
in her own voice on current situations.
Hence NAM came in row. At the same time India
neither joined Bagdad pact, manila treaty, SEATO, CENTO WHICH JOINED THE
COUNTRIES OF WEST AND EAST ASIA TO THE WESTERN power BLOC.
But NAM was not immoral neutrality it
was a freedom to decide what was right or wrong then take stand in favour of
right.
We helped Indonesia from Dutch colonies
in 1948 then participated in Afro-Asian conference.
In 1961 Belgrade conference it supported
disarmament and peace
The major aim of our policy was to
promote interest of Indian economy hence we maintained good relation with both
U.S. (technology in green revolution) and SOVIET UNION (largest arm exporter).
Active membership in various UN body IMF
WORLD BANK etc and in peacekeeping force and in commonwealth institution.LAL BAHADUR SASHTRI (1964 -1966)
Ø After
the death of Nehru there were two main contenders for pm post. But shastri made
it with the support of k. kamaraj, the congress president.
Ø Shastri
was widely accepted in the party as he was more amenable to their wishes and
not challenge their leadership in the party.
Ø Shastri
with his calm character did not make any change in Nehru’s cabinet.(except
Indira Gandhi, minister of information and broadcasting)
Challenges-Problem of official language of Hindi versus English flared up in 1965 nut due to government incapability it finally solved in 1966. Demand of Punjabi Suba and Goa’s merger with Maharashtra was allowed to simmer. Our economy was stagnating. Slow rate growth of industry and b.o.p problem but major one is food shortage.
Ø C.M.
of food surplus states denied helping in food crisis situation. Even US
suspended to import due to indo-Pakistan war.
Ø Despite
of creating State Food Trading Corporation and statutory rationing, no result
came. However strategy of green revolution was come which fully implemented in Mrs.
Gandhi’s period.
Ø Shastri
was criticized for his thin decision power under pressure of cabinet.
Ø But
after some time shastri showed his independence as government first criticized
the US bombing of N. VIETNAM
Ø He
set his own pm’s secretary L.K. JHA
Ø Real
challenge came in 1965 during indo-Pakistan war (Pakistan demanding for Kashmir)
Ø In
1965 followers of Saikh Abdullah and other dissident leaders created a great
deal of unrest there(Pakistan thought it was a right time even it was supported
by US and India was not completely come over after 1962 war)
Ø However
once war started BRITEN US cut off arms food and other supplies to both the
countries and china called India as aggressor but soviet union kept supporting India
even in UN.
Ø Under
pressure of UN ceasefire was put on. India recovered its pride and self
confidence which was lost in 1962 war.
Ø The
good news was that infiltrators did not get support of Kashmiri people. And
secularism was maintained during war (Muslim, Sikh, christens all fought
against Pakistan army)
Ø Shastri
became national hero.
TASHKENT AGREEMENT- IN 1966 subsequent to the ceasefire agreement and under the good offices of the Soviet Union Shastri and Pakistan president Ayub Khan met in here and signed declaration acc to which both sides agreed to withdraw from all occupied areas and return to their pre-war august positions. In the case of India it meant withdrawing from strategic Haji Pir pass through which Pakistan infiltrators could come again. Shastri had to agree this unfavorable terms to avoid war and losing soviet support on Kashmiri issue in UN and in supply of defence equipment especially MIG planes and heavy tanks.
Shastri got tragic heart attack in
Tashkent.
INDIRA GANDHI 1966- 1969
Ø After
shastri death there was again Morarji Desai as a pm contender but due to his unpopularity
in party Kaamraj gave support to Mrs. Gandhi thinking that young and
inexperienced women would easy to dominate.
CHALLENGES – Punjab was on boil, Naga issue and Mizo trouble, economy recession export and industrial growth was declining, failed monsoon in year 1966, drought, inflation, and famine in E.UP BIHAR, Pakistan-china axis led to sharp rise in military expenditure, budget deficient growing and endangering of fourth five year plan
Ø Demand
of Punjabi Suba and Naga’s for autonomy was accepted then successfully dealt
with drought situation
Ø Under
pressure of US (PL 480-import of food grains) and IMF(aid stopped after indo-Pakistan
war) she devalued rupee by 35.6% to increase export(although decision created
criticism)
Ø However
decision was not proved to be successful.
Ø She
remained silent on Vietnam issue in world politics after being humiliated by US
time to time in matter of its export of wheat.
Ø Her
latter signed joint agreement with soviet to end US bombing on Vietnam and not
joined even Asian forum as it was supported by US. Unfortunately she had to run
away from US proposal of its funding of indo-American educational foundation.
Ø She
developed links with Egypt and Yugoslavia to strengthen NAM. Even she tried to
have a dialogue with china but not succeed.
Ø She
even faced agitation demonstration student strike riots with a new feature of
bandh of city due to increasing disparity.
Ø By
taking it full advantage opposition Jan Sangh left parties communist criticized
government.(matter of banning beef eating was put up by Jan Sangh but
government stood firm against it)
Ø Year
1966 saw beginning of downslide of parliament(she was often called a ‘gungi
gudia’ by opposition leader Mr. Lohia)
Ø Once
after election of 1966 Mrs. Gandhi reassumed as a pm(despite of people
dissatisfaction with the congress they did not have another option till now as
opposition parties did not raise any social agenda. their only aim was to
defeat Mrs. Gandhi )
Ø After this first time the role of rich and
middle peasant was increased in Indian politics which hated congress and
communist. They controlled the rural vote by their muscle and money power. They
wanted control over land. (In north UP BIHAR PUNJAB parties like BKD AKALI DAL
SSP were formed. However in south communist presence kept rural landowner tied
to congress)
Ø This
election also started era of coalition government though CPM did not join this.
Even congress did this in some states. All these started defection in politics.
Ø In
spite of all Mrs. Gandhi emerged as central power, she made Mr. Desai a deputy
PM with a mere status.
Ø Year
1969 congress moved towards split. New phase of left over politics stated.
THE NAXALITES-CPM originally was spilt from CPI in 1964 on ground of revolutionary politics and reformist parliamentary politics. Usually CPM participated in parliamentary politics and formed coalition government in WB with bangle congress, with JYOTI BASU, the CPM leader. Soon one section of the party (young cadres inspired by Chinese method) revolted against party leadership and its reformist attitude. They were turned out of the party but they started their movement under leadership of CHARU MAJUMDAR and formed CP-ML in 1969. They launched peasant uprising in Naxalbari village. Thus they were called Naxalities.
INDIRA GANDHI 1969-1973
CHALLENGES- slowing down of economy growth, domestic saving, rate of investment, US aid, increasing black money, corruption, unrest among country middle class, emergence of new action ‘gherao’. The Syndicate members were joined by Mr. Desai. This team did not allow Mrs. Gandhi to appoint her member in working committee.
Ø She
did calm and calculated reaction as she did not want to jeopardize party unity.
Ø Soon
in 1967 she adopted 10 point program-social control of banks,
nationalization of general insurance, state trading in import and export trade,
ceilings on urban property and income, curb on business monopolies and concentration
of economic power, public distribution of food grain, rapid implementations of
land reforms, provision of house sites to the rural poor and abolition of
princely purse.(although congress was leaned to vague radicalism but after
1967 election there was tilt to left)
Ø However
the old right wing did not accept it but she remained firmed.
Ø She
again went against her part for making GIRI as president.
Ø MRTP
act 1969 to check concentration of economic power.
Ø By
all her efforts she once again initiated a climate of optimism.
Ø Her
‘GARIBI HATAO’ was more powerful than opposition ‘INDIRA HATAO’.
Ø As
a result in 1971 election she restored party position
CHALLENGE OF BANGLADESH- there was Punjabi speaking Muslim living in West Pakistan and Bengali speaking Muslim in East Pakistan. Soon West Pakistan acquired a dominant position in Pakistan’s army, polity, bureaucracy, economy resulting discrimination in East Pakistan. Moreover there was absence of political mechanism but gradually they got sense of power of democracy that gave them majority of seats in Pakistan assembly elections under leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rehman of Awami League party. But Pakistan general Yahya Khan backed Zulfiqar Bhutto of West Pakistan. Hence a West Pakistan army initiated reign of terror. Rape killing burning of crops was happened. Migration was stared from East Pakistan to Calcutta and formed Mukti Vahini. Mrs. Gandhi knew that war any action against Pakistan could create bad image for her in world politics but problem of migrated refugees was increasing burden on India’s food stock and economy. Even if she took action she had to wait for a right time as military operation could not be done in monsoon season in East Pakistan and Himalayan passes would help Chinese aid to Pakistan. And moreover mukti vahini was not well prepared till now even was being trained by Indian army.
So for next four months she tried to gather a world
political support for her. US-CHINA stood against her in UN but she soon
declared indo-soviet peace friendship cooperation treaty for next 20 years.
On 3 december war was started from pakistan’s side
as Mrs. Gandhi wanted. And under leadership of general J.S. Arora we defeated pakistan
and Bangladesh was created and pakistan freed Mr. rahman who became PM of
Bangladesh on 1972.
Ø In
year 1972 having left-of-centre agenda initially she did not proceed with further
nationalization
Ø 24th
and 25th amendment was done in 1971 (Gorakhnath case)
Ø 1974
pokhran test
J.P. MOVEMENT AND ENERGENCY- by the beginning of 1973 her image started declining as problem of inflation growth down etc again came in picture
Gujrat and Bihar having unrest due
to price hike in 1974. Even president rule was imposed there then fast of Mr.
desai led to dissolve of Gujrat assembly. Bihar movement was led by j.p.
narayan. The famous total revolution and party less government movement was
started.
As the movement grew it attracted
non left parties students socialist traders middle class support from all over
country. But at the end of 1974 the movement got slow as it could not be
popular among rural and urban class.
On 12 June 1975 justice Sinha of
high court convicted Mrs. Gandhi for having indulged in corrupt campaign
practices and declared her election invalid. At the same time janta dal won in Gujarat
assembly election. Now J P and opposition parties made coalition and called for
nationwide one week campaign of mass mobilization and civil disobedience on 29 June.
And thus Mrs. Gandhi posed emergency on 26 June. (Although both J P and
Indira did not choose democratic way)
From mid 1976 people started
disillusioned with the emergency. In starting those control over black
marketing was now becoming slowed down and price hike was started. Press
censorship, power of policegiri was increasing. The twenty point agenda was
failed and sanjay Gandhi was becoming popular. And his four points of family
planning, pant tress, clearing sums, don’t take dowry was implemented with
cruelty. Congress also adopted sterilization agenda forcefully.
All these was becoming intolerable
for nation hence on 18 january 1977 Mrs. Gandhi announced election of loksabha
and emergency was removed. She got defeated. Janta dal came in power with Mr.
desai as a PM.
MORARJI DESAI 1977-1979
CHALLENGES- economic situations, social justice, administration, communal violence etc
Ø Failed
in many challenges except its rural employment program ‘food for work’.
Ø Congress
was split in 1978 a) congress (I) and congress (U).
Ø Congress
(i) under indra got revival very soon.
Ø She
again came in power in 1977. Old jan sangh leaders leaving janta dal form BJP.
INDRA GANDHI 1980-1984
Ø She
immediately dissolved nine states assemblies in opposition ruled states.
Ø She
succeeded in planning, foreign policies (tilting to US), economic
liberalization, and growth over 4%.
Ø On
31th October 1984 she was assassinated.
RAJIV GANDHI 1984-1989
CHALLENGES- 1984 riots, Bhopal gas tragedy etc
Ø He
already showed his capability in 1982 Asian games.
Ø With
the support of his friend and advisor on technology mission Mr. Sam Pitroda(set
up C-DOT), he initiated his 6 technology mission and arrival of millennium was
set as target date.
Ø Drinking
water mission in all the villages, literacy mission by using television radio,
immunization of pregnant women and children(polio), white revolution, expanding
edible oil production, to bring telephone in every village
Ø His
computerization program was even criticized by left.
Ø Local
self government was strengthen
Ø Jawahar
rozgar yojna for rural poor was initiated(now MGNREGA)
Ø New
education policy-NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
Ø National
perspective plan for women-30% reservation in all panchayati raj bodies, dowry
related offences was passed in 1986
Ø First
time environment project-clean the river Ganga plan launched, new ministry of
environment and environment clearance was created.
Ø Set
up 7 zonal cultural centers in different part of countries to encourage
regional culture
Ø Anti
defection act 1985 was passed
Ø Concept
of lok adalat and consumer protection act was started
Ø Encouragement
to programs critical to government
FOREIGN POLICY-
indira had formed 6 nation 5 continents
initiative, its first meeting was held in his time.
Disarmament issue was put on his agenda
like his ancestors
Supported de-colonialism (Namibia
independence), nelson Mandela movement
As US committed to support Pakistan to
promote Mujahidin against USSR, he did not tilt to it
He was after Nehru, visited china. India
even refrained from condemning Tiananmen square massacre of 1989
At the same time Bangladesh was moving
in Islamic direction, Nepal was imposing heavy duties on Indian imports and
discounts to Chinese import, Maldives was having coup, Pakistan was in same
tone
Sri Lanka problem was major. As many
Tamils were fleeing to tamilnadu. The government of Sri Lanka launched
repression in Jaffna, base of LITTE. TN government was pressuring on central to
take action against this. (Refugee having Tamil as language). Sri Lankan
president Jayavardhane-Rajiv accord 1987 was held according to which Tamils
majority areas were merged into single province in there. Devolution of power
would take place. LITTE would be dissolved and Indian army would aid sri lanka
if she is needed but it was failed as LITTE did not accept it. In the mean time
Jayavardhane asked Indian army to help so situation became messy as LITTE having
local support and moreover just then Premadasa succeeded Jayavardhane and asked
Indian army to withdraw. Finally the LITTE issue caused Rajiv’s death.
India negotiated with Vietnam to
withdrawal it from Cambodia.
He promote compact version of G77 as G15
Doubling of defence expenditure, guided
missile development program initiated by Mrs. Gandhi showed results, AGNI
PRATHVI NUCLEARED POWER SUBMARINE were come in picture
Bofors scandal caught his image that
caused him loose in election and V.P. Singh came in power. (But not for long
time, then charan singh, p.v. rao, h.d. devgauda all came for short time.)ATAL BIHARI BAJPAYEE (1998-2004)
CHALLENGES- communal agenda pushed by VHP, RSS, bajrang dal, ayodhya issue Gujarat issue, THELKA issue scandal , price hike
Ø The
largest coalition government 13 party was formed under Bajpayee leadership.
Ø Communal
agenda was put on back burner.
Ø Pokhran
2 test in 1998 though US and CHINA much criticized it and banned nuclear supply
to it even India did not sign NPT and CTBT
Ø India
developed its defence under super guidance of Mr. Kalam as Pakistan was
developing its long range missile ‘ghuri’ and US military base in Diageo Garcia
in Hind Ocean and Chinese infiltration was increasing.
Ø India
successfully won in kargil.
Ø Kandahar
incident was also held
Ø Agra
summit and Lahore bus sewa program for confidence building measures with
Pakistan was also initiated in this phase although not much succeeded
Ø Indo-US
nuclear deal was major mile.
Ø India
became partner in SAARC
Ø In
LPG era FDI was also pushed in retail.
Ø Foreign
policy with central Asia (Iraq and Israel) became improved after look to east
policy under which it opposed Dutch colonialism in Indonesia.
Ø But
the decision of pre election could not save NDA in election after its INDIA
SHINING
MANMOHAN SINGH (2004-2014)
Ø Congress
came in power
Ø POTA
was repealed. NAC was set up
Ø Set
up a new ministry of minority affairs, a Sacher committee was formed to review
minority section.
Ø Introduced
communal violence bill
Ø But
a paradigm shift was to right based bill and policies
Ø RTI,
NERGA, RTE etc were leap forward.
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