[History] Post Mauryan Art and Architecture

• Caves, stupas, sculptures continued
• Sculpture making reached its climax during this stage

Caves
Now 2 kinds of caves originated – 1. Chaitya 2. Vihar
Chaitya

• Prayer hall for monks
• Karla Chaitya in Mahrashtra

Vihar

• Residence / rest places of Monk
• Nashik Vihar, Ajanta caves (29 caves – 4 chaitya and 24 vihars)

Stupas

• Now more enlarged stupas were built
• Gateways or Toranas were now beautifully carved

Sculpture
In this phase – 3 schools developed with regard to sculpture making

• Gandhara
• Mathura
• Amravati

Basis	Gandhara	Mathura	Amaravati
Outside Influence	Greek influence. Also called Indo Greek Art	No outside influence – indigenous	indigenous
Type of Sandstone	Grey Sandstone/Bluish grey sandstone	Spotted Red Sandstone	White marbles
Religious influence	Mainly Biddhist	All 3- Hinduism, Jain, Buddhist	Mainly Buddhist
Promoted by	Kushana Dynasty	Kushana Dynasty	Satvahanas and Icchavakus
Areas	Northwest Frontier	Mathura, Sonkh, Kankalitila (Mostly Jain)	Krishna Godavari lower valley
Features of sculptures	Spiritual Buddha(sad buddha) represents calmness Bearded Buddha, Moustache Wearing Less ornaments Having wavy hair Large forehead Buddha is seated in position of Yogi Having large ears Protuberance on his head Two Schools: Early – Bluish – grey sandstone Later – Use of mud and lime plaster	Delighted Buddha ie not spiritual Head and face shaven Muscularity Dress is tight, energetic body Buddha face reflects grace seated in Padmasana Right hand in Abhaya Mudra raised above shoulders. Left hand on thigh Buddha surrounded by two Bodhisattavas – 1. Padmapani – Holding lotus 2. Vajrapani – Holding vajra Halo around the head of Buddha decorated with geometrical motifs Images of Vaishnava (mainly vishnu and his various forms) Shiva represented through ling and Mukhaling Jain:Sculpture of Mahavira Protuberance on head	Reflects narrative Theme based on life of Buddha as Jataka stories Stories of previous birth of Buddha both in human as well as animal form